After infection, SARS-CoV-2 causes acute powerful inflammation, which leads to a high mortality rate ( 2). COVID-19 is a severe infectious respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new highly contagious virus from the family coronaviridae, like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV ( 2). In addition, the inhibition of NFκB and STAT3 signaling pathways is considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of worsen clinical outcomes in TNBC patients with COVID-19.Ĭoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally since it was first detected in December 2019, resulting in a pandemic that has impacted most nations and resulted in about 250 million illnesses and 5 million deaths ( 1). Taken together, these findings suggested an increased risk of poor outcomes in TNBC patients with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which required a long-term follow-up. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 infection might promote the ability of aggressive BCC to induce the malignant phenotypes of the other non-aggressive BCC. Of note, coculture with M protein-treated MDA-MB-231 cells significantly induced the migration, proliferation, and stemness of MCF-7 cells, which are involved in the upregulation of genes related to EMT and inflammatory cytokines. In addition, compared to MDA-MB-231 cells, the hormone-dependent breast cancer cell line MCF-7 showed a less response to M protein, with the protein showing no effects of promoting proliferation, stemness, and in vivo metastasis. The results suggested that SARS-CoV-2 M protein induced the mobility, proliferation, stemness and in vivo metastasis of a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231, which are involved in the upregulation of NFκB and STAT3 pathways. In the present study, we investigated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 proteins on breast cancer cells (BCC). However, there are still few reports on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the progression of breast cancer, as well as the factors and mechanisms involved. Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JapanĬoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread faster due to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, which carry an increased risk of infecting patients with comorbidities, such as breast cancer.Just as quantitative serum immunoglobulins by immunonephelometry are a complement to M-spike quantitation by serum electrophoresis, this quantitative urine light-chain assay may be used to complement urine M-spike quantitation by electrophoresis.Hoai-Nga Thi Nguyen Marie Kawahara Cat-Khanh Vuong Mizuho Fukushige Toshiharu Yamashita Osamu Ohneda * Monitoring the urine M-spike is especially useful in patients with light-chain multiple myeloma in whom the serum M-spike is very small or absent, but the urine M-spike is large. The electrophoretic M-spike is the recommended method of monitoring monoclonal gammopathies, such as multiple myeloma. Bence Jones in 1847.Ĭurrent laboratory procedures employ protein electrophoresis and isotype testing for the identification and characterization of urine monoclonal light chains, which may be present in large enough amounts to also be quantified as an M-spike on protein electrophoresis. The detection of monoclonal light chains in the urine (Bence Jones proteinuria) has been used as a diagnostic marker for multiple myeloma since the report by Dr. The production of large amounts of monoclonal light chains, however, can overwhelm this reabsorption mechanism. Immunoglobulin light chains are usually cleared from blood through the renal glomeruli and reabsorbed in the proximal tubules so that urine light-chain concentrations are very low or undetectable.
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